Abstractions & Encapsulation
Use stable façades and information hiding to manage complexity, evolve safely, and enforce boundaries
Use stable façades and information hiding to manage complexity, evolve safely, and enforce boundaries
How to tell architecture decisions from design and implementation, with cues, examples, and a flow.
The core building blocks of systems: components, the connectors between them, and the configurations that shape runtime behavior.
Design dashboards and key performance indicators for operational visibility.
Ensure data integrity, track lineage, and maintain data governance
Follow requests across microservices using distributed tracing.
Google's four key metrics for understanding service health: measure these well, and you'll know your system.
Define crisp boundaries and explicit, testable contracts to decouple teams and evolve systems safely.
Clear definitions, interactions, and practical tuning to hit latency SLOs without sacrificing throughput.
Use log levels strategically, enforce consistency across teams, and optimize storage costs while maintaining debuggability.
Collect and analyze logs with structure and correlation IDs to understand system behavior.
Measure system behavior with metrics using RED and USE methods to identify performance issues.
Observability and Operations is covered in Section 12. This brief mentions key concepts and links.
Comprehensive checklist for production readiness including health checks, SLO/SLI definition, alerting thresholds, capacity planning, and runbook documentation.
Measure system performance using RED (for services) and USE (for resources).
Guide incident response with runbooks; structure on-call rotations for coverage and sustainability.
Visualize service dependencies and communication patterns to understand system topology.
Alert on service-level objectives, not arbitrary thresholds. Align alerts with actual user impact.
Define and track reliability targets using service-level objectives.
Log structured data to enable queries, use correlation IDs to track requests, and maintain context across async boundaries.
Master the fundamentals of systems thinking for software architecture: components, connectors, configurations, interfaces, and abstractions to reason about change, risk, and evolution.
Propagate trace context across service calls to build complete request flow visibility.